Body membranes, which cover surfaces, line body cavities, and form protective (and often lubricating) sheets around organs, fall into two major groups. There are (1) epithelial membranes, which include the cutaneous, mucous, and serous membranes, and (2) connective tissue membranes, represented by synovial membranes. The cutaneous membrane, generally called the skin or integumentary system, will receive most of our attention in this chapter, but first we will consider the other body membranes.
Objective Checklist
Classification of Body Membranes
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List the general functions of each membrane type-cutaneous, mucous, serous, and synovial-and give its location in the body.
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Compare the structure (tissue makeup) of the major membrane types.
Integumentary System (Skin)
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List several important functions of the integumentary system and explain how these functions are accomplished.
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When provided with a model or diagram of the skin, recognize and name the following skin structures: epidermis, dermis (papillary and reticular layers), hair and hair follicle, sebaceous gland, and sweat gland.
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Name the layers of the epidermis and describe the characteristics of each.
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Describe the distribution and function of the epidermal derivatives-sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and hair.
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Name the factors that determine skin color and describe the function of melanin.
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Differentiate between first-, second-, and third-degree burns.
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Explain the importance of the "rule of nines."
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Summarize the characteristics of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma.
Developmental Aspects of Skin and Body Membranes
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Objective Checklist
Cells
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Name the four elements that make up the bulk of living matter and list several trace elements.
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Define cell, organelle, and inclusion.
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Identify on a cell model or diagram the three major cell regions (nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane).
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List the structures of the nucleus and explain the function of chromatin and nucleoli.
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Identify the organelles on a cell model or describe them, and discuss the major function of each.
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Define selective permeability, diffusion (including simple and facilitated diffusion and osmosis), active transport, passive transport, solute pumping, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, bulk-phase endocytosis, hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic.
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Describe the structure of the plasma membrane, and explain how the various transport processes account for the directional movements of specific substances across the plasma membrane.
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Describe briefly the process of DNA replication and of mitosis. Explain the importance of mitotic cell division.
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In relation to protein synthesis, describe the roles of DNA and of the three varieties of RNA.
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Name some cell types and relate their overall shape and internal structure to their special functions.
Body Tissues
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Name the four major tissue types and their chief subcategories. Explain how the four major tissue types differ structurally and functionally.
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Give the chief locations of the various tissue types in the body.
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Describe the process of tissue repair (wound healing).
Developmental Aspects of Cells and Tissues
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Define neoplasm, and distinguish between benign and malignant neoplasms.
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Explain the significance of the fact that some tissue types (muscle and nerve) are largely amitotic after the growth stages are over.
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